When Luther came on the scene, he broke away from the fourfold meaning of Scripture. It is no mystery that Luther repudiated allegory and spoke favorably of typology. However, in practice, Luther still utilized allegory while interpreting Scripture passages. One only needs to read some of his commentaries to see that he does use allegory as part of his exegetical process. Go to his discussion about the doves on Noah’s ark for instance. Or pick up CPH’s two volume set: A Year in the Gospels with Martin Luther. There you will often see sections titled: Allegories.
So is Luther a hypocrite? No. As long as allegory agreed with the analogy of faith and gave comfort to troubled consciences, allegory was free to stand. This idea of allegory is not far removed from the way typology is commonly used in today’s context. Nor is it far from the middle of the road commentators from Alexandria, like Cyril. Though Luther speaks against Origen’s use of allegory, that it is not connected to the analogy of faith, Luther is thankful that Origen’s allegories are most often connected to morality. For Luther, these interpretations should always be compatible with and informed principally by Christ and to a lesser extent, the church. Luther praises Peter and Paul’s use of allegory concerning the flood (1 Pt 3) and the Red Sea (1 Cor 10) because it ‘serves to comfort hearts.
Luther appears to take what is good from the Alexandrian interpretative tradition and the best of Antioch and builds his own method. Luther asserts the historical account is the literal sense as well as the spiritual sense in his Genesis lectures, but understands allegory (or would modern scholars understand it as typology?) can work well and assist, as was shown above. Luther held to a Christology more along the lines of Cyril of Alexandria. Christological doctrine is born from exegesis of Scripture. As long as the allegory was connected to, illustrated the historical account, and agrees with the analogy of faith, allegory is permitted.
Rev. Jacob Hercamp St. Peter’s Lutheran Church La Grange, MO
Encore Post: The word Torah (תרה) found in the Old Testament is actually pretty difficult to translate because it carries so much theological weight.
So what can Torah mean? Well, you look at the first books of the bible (Genesis through Deuteronomy) that is called the Torah. It’s sometimes called the Law of Moses. Torah means Law.
But then you may be asking yourself, how is Law defined? That is a very good question. In Lutheran circles we understand the Law of God to have 3 uses. The second use is the most common because it is the one that accuses us of our sins. But the books of Moses are not just made up of that kind of Law. So we need a broader definition.
Torah means God’s Law in the sense that it is His Word. Understood in this way Torah is Law and Gospel. The Old Testament has both Law and Gospel throughout.
God’s Torah then is both Law and Gospel. It contains the 10 commandments and the all the purity laws of Leviticus, but it also has the Gospel that points us to Jesus’ atoning death on the cross. Think to Leviticus 16, Genesis 3:15, Numbers 21, to name a few.
So if God’s Torah is understood as God’s Word, then when Jesus who is called the Word of God incarnate, another way to say it is that Jesus is the Torah Incarnate. This idea comes through in the Gospel of John most prominently, and come to think of it in Matthew’s account of the Sermon on the Mount. For Jesus in both John and Matthew states the Law and then explains it and further intensifies it. We only need to think about the sin of adultery, for instance.
Rev. Jacob Hercamp St. Peter’s Lutheran Church La Grange, MO
Encore Post: You might remember the Ebionites and those who followed Marcion from earlier posts. In this post I want to introduce the two theological schools that ruled the day and effectively have left marks on the way we interpret the Bible still today.
But why are they called schools? Don’t think of them so much as buildings but the way of thinking. The first is Alexandria. The other is Antioch. Both cities were centers of Christian thought. Paul and other apostles spent time in Antioch, and Alexandria was known throughout the world as another great center of learning.
So what was the difference between Antioch and Alexandria? Well, let’s look at Alexandria first. Alexandria was the melting pot of cultures. Greek philosophy was alive and well. Many theologians, Origen, for example, had a background in philosophy. If you were to read Origen’s writings that we have at our disposal you would see him interpreting the text not just literally but also philosophically or in an allegorical fashion. Words meant more than just the literal word for him and others that came after him in the Alexandria School. Now this is not always a bad thing, but we need to always be careful to always consider the literal text.
Antioch and the theologians there were of a different style. They interpreted scripture in a literal, historical sense. Antioch generally steered clear of the allegorical approach to interpreting Scripture. That being said, they did not always have a lot of opportunities to find Christ in the Old Testament.
Both schools had men fall of either side of the the proverbial horse. Origen allowed his mind to go too far. Some men in Antioch did not go far enough to find Christ in the text, and questioned some of the Old Testament’s use for the Christian. Again, we should be looking back to what Jesus says. The Scriptures are all about him. He fulfills what was said in the Law, Prophets, and Psalms. If we keep that in mind, we ought to be able to see Christ not only in the New Testament but also the Old.
Rev. Jacob Hercamp St. Peter’s Lutheran Church La Grange, MO
Encore Post: If we think of a pendulum, it swings one way or the other. Let’s imagine the Ebionites to one extreme. At the other extreme would be the man named Marcion.
Unfortunately, to my knowledge we do not have any of Marcion’s own writings at our disposal. However, we have the early Church Fathers and their writings against his teachings. Ireaneaus of Lyon wrote against him in his work Against Heresies.
From Ireaneaus and some of the other Apostolic Fathers we learn that Marcion held to the idea that the the God of the Old Testament and the God of the New were not the same. Marcion saw the god of the Testament as a lesser Creator god who even was possibly evil. The god of the Old Testament was the Jewish God, and not the Father of the True Christ. The Old Testament may have prophesied about a Christ, but not the true one.
For Marcion, Jesus (the true Christ) came to subvert the Creator and overthrow the law and the prophets. Marcion even went so far as to change the words of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew to make Jesus say, “I have not come to fulfill the law but to abolish it.” This is the exact opposite of what Jesus says He came to do.
Encore Post: As we begin digging into the history of Christianity and how the Old Testament came to be understood by Christians (Remember we hold to what Jesus said and how Jesus used the Old Testament, namely that He is the fulfillment of it), we first come across the group that we know as the Ebionites or as we know them from Galatians, the Judaizers.
The question presented to Christians, especially of Jewish background was how the law of Moses was supposed to be understood. Should the Christian follow it still? To what extent?
If we remember the laws of Moses come in three varieties: Moral, Civil, and Ceremonial. Some of the Ebionites did not force these laws on everyone else, but from Galatians 2 we hear of a pretty vocal group. This group appeared to hold to all three varieties of the laws of Moses. They certainly held to the moral and ceremonial.
Jesus himself dealt with some of this during his earthly ministry. Paul and his companions certainly did. The first council of the church (Acts 15) dealt with the question of the ceremonial law.
We need to be aware of the trappings of what the Ebionites taught, especially about the Old Testament and the law contained therein. While the Ebionites wanted to maintain the laws of Moses in their entirety, the next push came from a man named Marcion who wanted to do the exact opposite. We will talk more about him next.
Rev. Jacob Hercamp
St. Peter’s Lutheran Church
La Grange, MO
Encore Post: This is the beginning of some wandering deeper into the Old Testament. As I stated before I love the Old Testament, so much I earned my Master’s of Sacred Theology in Old Testament Exegesis.
In my reading for such a degree, I was always confronted in one way or another with the question: “What is the Old Testament? And how are Christians supposed to read it?”
Many a theologian has asked those questions. Especially since the Old Testament is the sacred text for the Jewish religion as well as Christianity. How can the same books be read and people come to a different conclusion? How ought the Old Testament be understood? The obvious answer to that question for us is to follow in the way of Jesus, and how He read and understood the Old Testament.
But we humans and our sinful nature try to do it on our own, and that leads us into trouble. We will try to highlight some of those along the way as we see and learn how the greatest exegete, Jesus, explains and interprets the Old Testament showing us that He is the fulfillment of it (John 5:37-40; John 6:44-48; John 8:48-59; Luke 24:26-27; Luke 24:44-48).
Rev. Jacob Hercamp
St. Peter’s Lutheran Church
La Grange, MO
The following is a post seen on social media following the overturning of Roe v. Wade & Planned Parenthood v. Casey. A friend and opponent in the abortion debate, who is agnostic/non-Christian shared it with me seeking commentary. I obliged them. So, here is the commentary. My responses are included inline. [You may identify my remarks by the brackets containing them]. The author of the original post is unknown to me at the time of this writing.
The Post:
A headline on one of my Facebook friends’ posts yesterday was “Today’s Supreme Court decision was a MAJOR win for God.”
A win for God?
[No, it’s a win for morality. Moralism for the sake of morality in the secular realm isn’t for God.]
I immediately thought, does he think our God is so feeble that he needs a panel of nine men and women to affirm him and bestow favor on him?
[No, He isn’t. No, He doesn’t. And, they didn’t affirm Him. SCOTUS affirmed the rights of all people to be secure in their person from death by murder as enumerated in the Constitution. The poor precedent didn’t stand scrutiny in its discovery of unenumerated rights that superseded the life of a unique human being in the womb.]
Regardless of where you stand on the issue of abortion, yesterday’s decision has proven to be a terrible day for God and His church. Why? Because so many of the people that make up His church are deciding to act anything but Christlike.
Scripture says, “They will know you are my disciples by your love.” By your love. Not your memes, not your posturing, not your gloating, not your politics, but by your love.
[That’s out of context and a poor translation in any case. A better on says, “A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another: just as I have loved you, you also are to love one another. By this all people will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.” (John 13:34-35)
Does Jesus say other things about this “love?” Yeah, He sure does. He says a lot more.
“Teacher, which is the great commandment in the Law?” And he said to him, “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the great and first commandment. And a second is like it: You shall love your neighbor as yourself. On these two commandments depend all the Law and the Prophets.” (Matthew 22:36-40)
Was Jesus diminishing the commandments here? No, “Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them.” (Matthew 5:17) In the rest of chapter five, He expands the commandments beyond their perceived limits. Hatred is the same as murder. Lust in the heart is the same as adultery. This is our understanding of and the way we teach all of the commandments (Matthew 5:17-48).
Love begins with the love of the Lord and His commandments. Then, love moves to my neighbor. No one can love his neighbor while encouraging his neighbor to commit sin like murder.]
On the day the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, so many in the church began waiving victory flags for Jesus, while the enemy was using your actions to turn more and more people off to God.
This wasn’t a win for the church.
[Meh, it’s a win for babies, who were being murdered. More of them may live now. Murder is always evil. Not murdering is always good.]
In fact, I believe history will show that this decision was a tipping point for the downfall of church attendance and effectiveness. No one on the opposite side of the decision felt the love, compassion, and ministry of Jesus yesterday. No one.
[This guy doesn’t want to see the church or Christians’ love for people. He wants us to be indifferent to sin. He wants us to encourage our neighbor in their separation from God. That would be the end of the church and the Christian faith.]
Let me be blunt.
If you are a Christian who believes in a God who will condemn people to hell for not believing in Him and you’re choosing to spew hate and vile towards people you disagree with, then you, my friend, have more blood on your hands than any person who chose to get an abortion.
[Acceptance ≠ Love. Acceptance/encouragement of sin = actual hatred, and not the imaginary kind dreamt up by an unbelieving world. But, actual, genuine hatred for your fellow man. The kind of hatred that gleefully of indifferently watches my neighbor hurtle themselves toward perdition.
We believe that we separate ourselves from the love of God by our sin. Only forgiveness received by faith, which turns us from sin, can remedy this.]
It’s time for the separation of church and hate.
[No one can love his neighbor while encouraging his neighbor to commit sin. The world has redefined love by the definition: acceptance and exaltation. Accepting, exalting, and encouraging sin, which separates people from God is not love. That’s indifferent hatred. A hatred that doesn’t mind my neighbor going to hell, separated from the Lord by their beloved sins.]
The church is the richest organization in the world. We have more money than Apple, Jeff Bezos, and Elon Musk. If we really cared about babies, we could do something about it.
[False! The tech billionaires are extraordinarily wealthy individuals, and their international corporations are wealthy to a degree we can’t fathom. They are also quite miserly in their charitable donations.
It’s possible that the Roman Catholic Church may be a very wealthy organization. All other Christian churches organizations pale in comparison. My parent organization, the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod, with her 2.9 million members is quite poor comparatively. Others are significantly smaller still. I’d love to see a dollar by dollar comparison of monies taken in vs. those spend for the good of people. Between charitable organizations run by individual congregations, small groups of them, and their parent organizations as well as money sent into use outside of themselves, there isn’t a comparison in the secular sphere.
I will leave the graft, waste, and fraud in government, the wealthiest organization yet mentioned, for others to address.]
I am hoping when I attend church on Sunday there is a line around the corner for the church to volunteer to adopt and foster. That’s what you do when you really care about babies.
[There is. The state is the only thing preventing even more. The legally mandated goal of CPS and every foster agency – working to reunite families of birth – directly opposed to best interests of the children in their care. This genetic priority further wounds prospective and current foster parents in a much lesser way than the children themselves.]
I hope there are special offerings taken on Sunday to raise money for diapers, formula, babysitting, and therapy, because that’s what you do when you really care about babies.
[We don’t need special offerings. It’s baked into the cultural bread of every church. We don’t talk about it much. Because, it’s just business as usual.]
I hope every church that offers preschool will now do so at no charge, because that’s what you do when you really care about babies.
[Nah, the best place for babies is with their mothers. Daycare/preschool raised babies/toddlers do less well than kiddos with mom at home. We offer the service and help folks make ends meet. But, we also encourage and assist in the best situation for every child: mom & dad, married for life, raising their kids. We work hard to uplift and strengthen families, because that’s the very best thing for babies. We do that because we love babies, toddlers, children, and their parents.]
Where is the love and compassion for women?
[Right alongside the compassion for the children, about 50% of whom will also grow to be women. Even if there were a complete absence of care or support for mothers, that would never justified murdering their babies. But, that premise is faulty. It assumes a counterfactual situation and condemns us Christians based upon an imaginary sin.]
Where is the Christ-like behavior?
[Which Christ do you want us to emulate? Jesus, who dared the crowds to throw their stones, if they were without sin? Jesus, who called the Syrophoenician woman a dog? Jesus, who became angry with His disciples for keeping the infants away? Jesus, who flipped over tables and chased the money changers with a whip? Jesus, who forgave sin AND commanded sinners to go forth and sin no more? Jesus, who lived a perfect, sinless life, died for our sins, rose again to life on the third day, and ascended to the right hand of the father?
They are all the same Jesus.
I’m not Jesus. Neither are you. Let’s let Jesus be Jesus and Jesus us in the way that He Jesuses.]
Where is the empathetic understanding that this decision, even if you agree with it, has placed real fear in the hearts of so many?
[Love can never encourage its neighbor in sin. I cannot encourage my neighbor toward hell.]
Church, remember why you exist. It’s not so you can consistently get your way politically. It’s so you can introduce people to a God who loves and cares for them. It’s time to confuse people on where you stand politically and give them the unconditional grace that God gave to you.
[No sir, this is the commission, “All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age.” (Matthew 28:18-20)
Go back, read it all again, teach it, and do it. The Law & The Gospel Condemnation & Forgiveness]
You only have ONE LIFE. You might as well MAKE IT COUNT.
[No, we have eternal life to live. Jesus counts for us, dying for our sin to deliver us from it and into eternal life. Some don’t want that and love sin. There is eternal damnation for those having no need of forgiveness. As a result, and we can only live our lives to the glory of God. Speaking out against sin and preaching forgiveness in Christ Alone. “Some indeed preach Christ from envy and rivalry, but others from good will. The latter do it out of love, knowing that I am put here for the defense of the gospel… For to me to live is Christ, and to die is gain. (Philippians 1:15-16, 21)
I suspect this will fall on deaf ears. The writer, who may be a part of a Christian church, clearly knows very little about the work of the church or the life and teachings of Jesus. His goal seemed to be eliciting a shamed backpedaling apology.
In the law of God I delight. And, I am not ashamed of the Gospel of the forgiveness of sins. I preach Christ and Him crucified for sinners who are perishing, but God grants hearing, faith, and growth.
I am not ashamed of the Gospel.]
Rev. Jason M. Kaspar Sole Pastor Mt. Calvary Lutheran Church & Preschool La Grange, TX and Mission planting pastoral team: Epiphany Lutheran Church Bastrop, TX
Encore Post: In my first post about accepting Jesus as your personal Savior, I explained that you do not need to do so. Why? Because God the Father, Son and Holy Spirit has already accepted you. God made you his child when God the Father loved you before he made the world, chose you to be his own, rigged your future to make sure you would be adopted as his child. The Son became man, shed his blood to redeem you and the Holy Spirit sealed you in baptism and lives within you as a down payment on your eternal life. (see Ephesians 1)
So, where does that leave those who have pledged their lives to Jesus, invited him into their hearts and believe they are born again? The bottom line is all of this shows some sort of faith in Christ and trust in his promises. That faith saves them. They are mistaken that the commitment in any way saves them. The reason: it is God’s grace alone, received by faith alone that saves us. They have the cart before the horse. Works do not save you. Salvation gives us the power to do good works — including giving our lives to Jesus. (Ephesians 2:8-10)
In fact, Lutherans make commitments to serve God and their neighbors all the time. It begins with vows at our baptism — made by us when we are baptized as adults and for us when we are baptized as children. In every divine service and in private confession, we confess our sins and confess our faith in the ecumenical creeds. At Confirmation and every time we join a new congregation, we renew these vows. These frequent confessions and pledges have a very practical value. Since Christians continue to sin the rest of their lives. It is only at death the we are sin-free. These confessions tap the power of the gospel to strengthen our faith.
The trouble with depending upon our own strength to commit our lives to Jesus for salvation is we can never be certain we’re saved. Were we sincere? Did we really commit our lives to Christ? Or were we in it for the approval of other or to escape hell. So many re-commit themselves at every opportunity. We become unsure of whether God loves us and whether he really love us. This could, ironically cost us our faith and salvation. This is why Lutherans insist on the gospel
Rev. Robert E. Smith Concordia Theological Seminary Fort Wayne, Indiana
Encore Post: Our evangelical brothers and sisters in Christ are all about making a decision for Christ. They will often ask, “Have you accepted Jesus as your personal Savior?” Such a question sounds strange to Lutherans, along with the similar question, “are you born again?” The reason is Lutherans believe these are really the wrong questions. Why? Because Jesus sought us, found us, saved us by his suffering and death, accepted us in baptism and gave new birth in it by water and the Holy Spirit. So, yes, thank you, I am born again, but no, I did not accept Jesus as my personal Savior. He accepted me and made me God’s child and his brother. There is nothing more personal than that.
I once was asked by someone if I could study all the Bible passages with him that talk about accepting Jesus as Savior. My answer was no, because there are no such passages. In fact, if you go through the Bible looking for people who were lost and sought God, you will find very few. Think about it for a moment: God made Adam and Eve. When they sinned, he came and found them. He went to Noah and told him to build the ark. He found Abraham and told him to leave home, promising to give him a son. He came to Jacob when the patriarch ran away and wrestled with him. He called to Samuel in the night. He sent Samuel to find and anoint David. Almost every book of the words of the prophets begin with: “and the word of God came to…” We don’t seek God, he seeks us out.
Why is this? We were dead in our sins. (Ephesians 2:1-3) As the saying goes, “Dead men tell no tales.” As Martin Luther says it, “I cannot by my own reason or strength, believe in my Lord Jesus Christ or come to him.” (Small Catechism 2.3) Because he loved us, he is gracious to us. He was moved in Christ Jesus to become one of us, live a perfect life for us, take our sins upon himself and die on the cross for us. It is by this grace we are saved, through his gift to us of faith.
In a sense, we can talk about decision theology, then. God decided to save us. He is our personal savior, because he made it so. We will live with him forever because of this. We can rest in the peace this brings, confident that he will remove every sin from us one day, the day he calls us forth from our graves and dries every tear in our eyes.
Rev. Robert E. Smith Pastor Emeritus Fort Wayne, Indiana
Sermon on Matthew 9:36; Luke 10:1-20 4th Sunday after Pentecost Our Hope Lutheran Church 3 July 2022
Text: When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them, because they were harassed and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd. Then he said to his disciples, “The harvest is plentiful, but the laborers are few; therefore pray earnestly to the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into his harvest… “Heal the sick in it and say to them, ‘The kingdom of God has come near to you” … “The one who hears you hears me, and the one who rejects you rejects me, and the one who rejects me rejects him who sent me.” The seventy-two returned with joy, saying, “Lord, even the demons are subject to us in your name!” … Nevertheless, do not rejoice in this, that the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven.”
Intro: These past few months have been filled with tragedies that made the news. School shootings, natural disasters, brutal warfare, the incredible evil one human being can do to another, especially the innocent and defenseless. We confront this coming out of a truly scary plague and the overreaction of those who meant well making it worse. We can’t help but feel bad for people. And so we reach out and offer our thoughts and prayers – and we follow through, too! It all seems so weak a response. What can you do when you want to do something! When there is not much you can do?
A question that leaps to mind – especially for a man of my generation – is what would Jesus do? The gospel lesson and its sister passage in Matthew begin to answer that question and its follow up – what would Jesus want us to do?
Jesus reacted as Jesus often does… his heart went out to them and he sent help.
Christ’s heart goes out to us.
There are several Greek words the New Testament uses to talk mercy talk. Two of them are:
ἔλεος – to be kind to people, even if they do not deserve it. It is used in the most ancient prayer of the church — Κύριε, ἐλέησον, Lord, have mercy
Σπλαγχνίζομαι – To feel compassion in your internal organs. In the New Testament, it is almost always entirely used of Jesus. The closest we can come to translate it is to say: “his heart went out to them” or “it broke his heart.”
Our English word is not too bad – it comes from latin: compassio – to suffer with.
When Jesus’ heart goes out to people, compassion results in action.
He feeds 5000.
He heals the sick.
He raises the dead.
He calls on us to pray – and sends workers out.
Sometimes our compassion doesn’t go that far.
We see something and say, “that’s awful”
Sometimes we pray, which is not chump change, by the way, but that’s it.
Once in awhile, our heart itself moves, and we do something. But not much.
God wants us to always have compassion, but most of the time we don’t have that emotional bandwidth. Our heart is not in it.
Jesus invites us to share his compassion.
Why didn’t God just crumple the world into a ball and build Earth 2.0? He loved us.
The heart of God went out to us, and his Son became one of us.
He lived a perfect life for us, suffered and died for us, rose again for us, because he had to do something, but not just anything!
The Holy Spirit took out our heart of stone and gave us a heart of flesh in Baptism.
Now we want to show mercy, as our Father shows mercy.
Conclusion: So what to do? Pray for sure. Jesus invites you to do so. Donate? Of course; either in kind or cash. Roll up your sleeves and go to work on the ground? There are many churches and non-profits here in the Fort that would love to have you. Mister Rogers used to say, when asked what to tell children with disaster comes to TV was, “Look for the helpers. There are always helpers.” Maybe one of them is you.
Rev. Robert E. Smith Concordia Theological Seminary Fort Wayne, Indiana
