[Fourth in a series of posts on Ephesians 1 & 2] Encore Post: In the last post (So, Does God Hate Me?), I mentioned the mess that the sin of Adam and Eve made of the world. God intends to clean it up. But it isn’t easy. God is Holy and can’t just look the other way. Every sin must be paid for in full. Because we are all sinners from birth, (Psalm 51:5) we must die and go to Hell forever. Even worse, we cannot make up for our sins by anything we can do or say. In fact, no one else can even offer to die in our place, since everyone sins. (Romans 5:12-21) Someone without sin must die to save us.
So, because he loves us, God sent his Son to die in our place. (John 3:16) That is why the Eternal Son was born a man, conceived by the Holy Spirit in the womb of the Virgin Mary. Because Jesus is God, he never sinned, but remained faithful to His Heavenly Father. Because Jesus is a man, He could die for us. When He shed his blood on the cross, the price was paid for our sins and the sins of the whole world (Redemption). Our sins areforgivenand God gives us his grace, adopts us as His own heirs, reveals to us what He plans to do. (Ephesians 1:7-10)
One day, when the time is right, Jesus will return from heaven, raise us from the grave, restore our bodies to be like his and bring an end to sin, death and the power of the devil. On that day, he will remake Heaven and Earth and we will live with him forever.
That is why we speak of the grace of God as something he gives us, for Christ’s sake.
[Third in a series of posts on Ephesians 1 & 2] Encore Post: So, does God hate me and you? He has plenty of reasons to do so. When God made the world, it was perfect, without sin, evil, sickness or death. He made us male and female in his image (Genesis 1:26). He blessed us and called all He made “very good” (Genesis 1:31) But our first parents, Adam and Eve, believed the lie of Satan that they could become more like God by disobeying His command. (Genesis 3:4-6) This first sin (Original Sin), brought sin, sorrow, grief and death into the world. Since then, all men and women descended from them, including us, have been born as sinners. From the moment we were conceived in our mother’s womb, our every thought has been polluted by sin and evil. (Genesis 6:5, Genesis 8:21, Matthew 15:19) So, God has every right to hate us.
Thank God that He is a gracious and merciful God (Psalm 103:8). In fact, St. Paul tells us that God loved us before He made the world. He picked us out to be made holy (Sanctified) and blameless (Justified) and rigged events so that we might be adopted as His sons through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. (Predestination).(Ephesians 1:3-6) So, God does not hate His children. He has always loved us. This attitude towards us is what we mean by the word: Grace.God is gracious to us because His Son was born of the Virgin Mary at just the right time in history, lived a perfect life for our sake, suffered, died on the Cross for the forgiveness of sins, rose again from the dead (Resurrection) and Ascended into Heaven so that we might live with Him forever. (Eternal Life)
So, grace is not some kind of substance that is given to us a little bit at a time or some kind of magical power that gives us a do-over. It is that God loves us and is bound and determined to save us — and does.
[Second in a series of posts on Ephesians 1 & 2] Encore Post: Once in a while, you have a bad day. You know the kind. Your alarm doesn’t wake you for work. The traffic lights are all against you on the way to work. You get there late and spend the whole day apologizing. Your car gets a flat tire when you are on your way home. You might begin to wonder if you did something to get God angry at you. This feeling is even stronger when you suffer from disasters — when you or your loved ones suffer from serious illnesses; when violent weather wipes out your home, your neighborhood or even your city; when evil people steal your property, wound or kill those you love or when you are dying and the doctors can’t make you well.
You are not alone. Everyone feels this way from time to time — even people who do not have faith in Christ. The world around us teaches us that there is a God, he is all powerful and that he has rules for us to live by. It also teaches us that he will punish us for breaking these rules and that someday we will die. This Natural knowledge of God is imperfect, though. It does not tell us what God really thinks of us, and how we can keep him from punishing us. We need God to reveal himself to us to know the answer to that question.
Thank God that He, in His love and mercy, does this for us in two basic ways. He Himself became a man in Christ Jesus (John 3:16, Philippians 2:1-11). When we find it hard or impossible to know what God is like, we look at Jesus. (John 1:18) second, God Himself has spoken to us through prophets and other authors in the Holy Scriptures, the books contained in the Bible. (Hebrews 1:1)
[First in a series of posts on Ephesians 1 & 2] Encore Post: It sometimes happens at a wedding reception, a dinner party or other social event. You are sitting near someone you’ve never met before. During the polite small talk, you learn your new friend belongs to a church you’ve never heard of before. If you are a curious person, you might ask about it. After learning a few surface details, you move on to another topic. When you get home, you are quite confused and cannot figure out how it all fits together. You’re not alone. Unless you have some place to begin to make sense of it all, it is easy to get lost when talking about what a church believes — including your own!
The teachings of a religion are almost always connected one to another. A pastor, priest or other religious leader can begin at virtually any teaching and explain all the rest of what they believe in terms of it. If you look at several formal books of theology — especially systematic theologies — you will notice they begin at different places. Some begin with talking about God and His traits (in theological language attributes), others begin with definitions and other concepts needed to understand what Christians believe (prolegomena). Some begin with Christ, still others take up salvation first. Where they start can tell you a lot about who they are in and of itself.
When I’ve spoken to others about what Lutheran Christians believe, I’ve found it useful to begin with the Formal and Material Principlesof Lutheranism. A formal principle is the source that a faith turns to as its ultimate authority on what to teach and how to live.A material principle is what a faith is made of — the central principle which explains everything else that it teaches.
For Lutherans, the only source and authority for what a Christian should believe is the Holy Scriptures, the Bible, alone. Our Material principle is all about God’s grace and how Christ earned for us salvation. The disadvantage of beginning here is it starts without explaining sin, how people got lost in the first place, who God is and what he’s like, and many other truths. The advantage is it majors in the majors.
Encore Post: The legacy of Saint Athanasius is one of standing firm in the face of opposition to the word of God. Throughout his 45 years as Bishop, including 17 years in exile, he stood unwaveringly against the errors surrounding him. The Arian heresy, denying the divinity of Jesus, and all the derived and adjacent heresies are still with us. But, we have a firm confession from the Word of God to fall back on in defense of the faith. That is the continuing gift given to us by Athanasius and those of his theological tradition. “I and the Father are one.” (John 10:25-30)
Alexandria in Egypt, the bishopric of Athanasius, is no longer a center of Christendom. Augustine of Hippo, who owes much to Athanasius, and is a father for us in the western church, presided over a region of North Africa that is no longer a center of Christianity. It’s wise for us to remember, but the centers of Christianity Today may not be the centers of Christianity tomorrow.
The concluding remarks of the Athanasian Creed are one that can give us pause. While reinforcing the bodily resurrection, there seems to be an assertion of works righteousness in the creed.
“He will come to judge the living and the dead. At His coming, all people will rise again with their bodies and give an account concerning their own deeds. And those who have done good will enter eternal life, and those who have done evil into eternal fire.”
We should always hear these words of judgement within the context of Jesus’ work of Salvation for us. The accounting of our deeds is not done according to human reason. Just as Abraham’s faith was credited to him as righteousness. So, by faith, we receive eternal salvation. Let’s consider the sheep and the goats.
The Gospel according to Saint Matthew, chapter 25: “When the Son of Man comes in his glory, and all the angels with him, then he will sit on his glorious throne. 32 Before him will be gathered all the nations, and he will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats … Then the righteous [sheep] will answer him, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry and feed you, or thirsty and give you drink? And when did we see you a stranger and welcome you, or naked and clothe you? … Then [the unrighteous goats] also will answer, saying, ‘Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or naked or sick or in prison, and did not minister to you?’”
Neither the sheep nor the goats can make any sense out of this accounting. Those who are righteous by faith are ever more aware of their sin and their need for salvation day-by-day. Those who condemn themselves by their sin and persistent unbelief are ever self-justifying and judging themselves to be “good” by their own standard apart from faith. And Saint Paul gives us this useful nugget.
The epistle to the Ephesians, chapter 2: “But God, being rich in mercy, because of the great love with which he loved us, even when we were dead in our trespasses, made us alive together with Christ — by grace you have been saved — and raised us up with him and seated us with him in the heavenly places in Christ Jesus, so that in the coming ages he might show the immeasurable riches of his grace in kindness toward us in Christ Jesus. For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them.”
The good works are credited to us, sheep. These works themselves are produced by faith, which is a from God, alien to our nature. And, those works are prepared for us beforehand. The works we set out to do may not even be among them. Dear Christians, live in the Word and in the Christian faith. The Spirit produces faith and good works from the Gospel of salvation in Christ Jesus.
Dear Baptized, let us celebrate the faith credited to us as righteousness!
Encore Post: The errors faced by the early church in Alexandria were not just about the Trinity. There were also Christological confusions. Saint Athanasius was present and attentive for the decisions of the First Council of Nicaea (325 AD). Concerning the person and nature of Jesus Christ, the term, ὁμοούσιος (homoousios — of the same substance), was used to sort out the heresies. But, the wisdom of man thinks itself wiser than the wisdom of God.
The third section could almost be its own creed. It deals with Jesus’ incarnation. The two natures in the one person of Christ are on full display here.
In the Athanasian Creed we reject Eutychianism, that Jesus’ human and divine natures merged into a new, different nature. We also reject Nestorianism, that the two natures of Christ are not unified in His person. And, we reject the Gnostic notion that we will be free from matter and our bodies, specifically in the next life. These heresies or errors generally arise from an attempt to fill in the blanks of the mysteries of God with our human reason. That is not a good practice in which we should engage. Some things are known to us. And some are not yet revealed.
The Eutychians held that Jesus’ human and divine natures merged into a new nature. In their intent to firmly state the unity of God and man in Christ, they created a different thing. The Eutychian Jesus must be separate from the Trinity because he is of a different substance. His human and divine natures make him a new unique thing that is neither God nor man. Since it is not either, it cannot be truly God.
“But pastor, why does that matter?” That’s a perfectly fair question. Only God can atone for all the sin of all of mankind. We know that Jesus died for our sins, each and every one, and all together. So, our understanding of the nature of Christ has to allow for that truth to remain constant. Instead we confess, “our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is at the same time both God and man.”
The Nestorians found the other ditch. Like the brilliant Vizzini from the movie: The Princess bride, “clearly I cannot choose the cup in front of you.” If the complete unity of the two natures into a new nature is wrong, then the two natures of Christ must not be unified in His person. This creates a host of new potential misunderstandings. Does Jesus retain his humanity? Did Jesus remain human throughout His ministry, life, death, and resurrection? Did God depart from the man, Jesus, at any point? The answers to those questions in many cases are their own unique error, which we may discuss at another time.
The rubber meets the road here. On the cross, God turned his back on Jesus, who is also God. On the cross, God the Son, died for our sins. And, God the Son was raised to life again. All of the hows, whys and wherefores are not for us to know. We’re given exactly what we need to understand and trust completely that our sin was atoned for on Calvary.
“He is God and man, He is not two, but one Christ: one, however, not by the conversion of the divinity into flesh, but by the assumption of the humanity into God; one altogether, not by confusion of substance, but by unity of person.”
The Gnostics had a notion that we will be free from matter and our bodies one day. Specifically, we will be only spiritual in the next life. The taking up of Enoch and Elijah bodily into heaven speaks against this. Job’s confession that he will see God face-to-face with his own eyes does too. Mary Magdalene confesses the resurrection to Jesus just before he restores Lazarus to life. In the resurrection, Jesus eats and drinks with His disciples and invites them to touch Him. He is with them bodily, not spiritually.
In the Christian faith, we live in the certainty of knowing that the resurrection is a promise for us that will be whole and complete. This is a challenge, especially at the time of death of our own loved ones. We want to know that everything is complete for them. We want to know that they are “in a better place.” Yet, the Bible teaches us it isn’t quite done yet. The promise of salvation isn’t full and complete until we are resurrected in our bodies to eternal life. We confess the resurrection of our bodies! “At His coming, all people will rise again with their bodies.”
Instead of intellectualizing the complex into a way that makes sense, we are better served by acknowledging the witness given by scripture. Some things are clear and known to us. Other mysteries are not revealed to us in this life. But, we can know with certainty that all of the things pertinent to our Salvation are clear and known.
Dear Baptized, let us praise the one Christ, truly God and truly man, for our salvation!
Grace, mercy, and peace be to you from God our Father and from our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Amen.
The theme of today’s sermon is this: The Day of the Lord is certainly frightening, but not for us.
What will the Last Day be like? This is a natural question for all Christians. It comes up regularly. The rest of the Bible stories have happened already, and they have been written down. We have read them or heard about them, and we know them. There is nothing “frightening” about the stories about King David. He was king, and now he isn’t. History has moved on. But there is a genuine curiosity: what will the Last Day be like?
And there is something “frightening” about prophecy in general, because in some cases, the events foretold have not happened yet. In today’s case, Zephaniah reports to us in detail about the judgment side of the Day of the Lord. He speaks to those who have not obeyed the voice of the Lord and those who are not saved from the judgment. Zephaniah is a prophet at the same time as Jeremiah, and the two of them are facing a nation that has rebelled against God. Babylon will overthrow them.
And so, as you might imagine, these preachers were heavy on the Law and light on the Gospel. They were calling to repentance God’s own people, that they would believe in Him and trust in Him. There are four parts to Zephaniah’s message today.
There will be punishment.
There will be repentance.
God will find every soul.
God is the Lord.
First, there will be punishment. Zephaniah is like a father who wants his children to listen or like a teacher who wants the students to quiet down. Zephaniah says Be silent before the Lord God! This is not a time for prayers; this is not a time for singing and dancing. This is not a “Be still and know that I am God” moment. This is a “sit down, don’t talk, and listen to me” moment for Zephaniah to God’s people.
Zephaniah preaches: For the day of the Lord is near; the Lord has prepared a sacrifice and consecrated his guests. The prophet starts at church, as most preachers do. And for the people of that day and time, the day of the Lord was the Day of Atonement that we learned about in Leviticus 16. The day of the Lord was a holy day set aside for God’s work. And we think the same thing. That we come to church for God to work among us. That we come to church and that He consecrates us for His service in the world. That the Lord is the sacrifice for the forgiveness of our sins.
But instead of promise, Zephaniah prophesies punishment. He says, “I will punish the officials and the king’s sonsand all who array themselves in foreign attire.I will punisheveryone who leaps over the threshold,and those who fill their master’s housewith violence and fraud. What we notice first is that Zephaniah blames the leadership. Don’t we know that to be true? As goes the leader, so goes the army. Or put another way, If the shepherd falls, the sheep will be scattered. Or even one more example, the sins of the father will be punished to the third and fourth generation, to his own wife and their children. Zephaniah rightly punishes the leadership for getting God’s people into this mess.
But you might ask, How did the leaders get the nation into this mess? Zephaniah claims that they “wore foreign attire” and “jumped over the thresholds.” Wearing foreign attire in this context does not mean wearing something made in China. What it means is that they were trying to live like the world. They were walking away from God and trusting in themselves. As to “jumping over thresholds,” this was a pagan religious practice of the Philistines. And the point of that is this: that the leaders were worshipping false gods and leading the people astray from the Old Testament Church.
That was the message that the people needed to hear. And they had to be silent and listen up to Zephaniah when he preached it. But on that day, the Day of the Lord that Zephaniah is talking about, it will not be silent. He says, “On that day a cry will be heard from the Fish Gate, a wail from the Second Quarter, a loud crash from the hills. Wail, O inhabitants of the Mortar! It is almost as if Zephaniah is waving his hands while he is preaching. For there are cries and wails and loud crashes in every direction. It would be the same as if I said, There is a cry from Farnam and there is wailing from Curtis, and there is a loud crash from Hayes Center. Wail, O inhabitants of Stockville!
This is not just screaming at the top of the lungs. This is repentant prayer or fearful prayers to God on the Last Day. The Lord shall return for judgment and, like I said at the beginning, it will be frightening, but not for us. We will not be screaming or wailing or worrying and running. We will be waiting and hoping and seeing our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ on that day. The day of the Lord surely is a day of punishment, but it is also a day of repentance and prayer. And for us, the day of the Lord is the day of great hope.
But what Zephaniah says next is my favorite part. For on that Day, God will find every soul. Like a shepherd looking for his lost sheep, God will search the world for believers. Like a father trying to find his children in the dark, our Lord shall check every house and every corner for those who are His. Like the angel of death at the Passover, the Lord will pass over our homes and spare us and deliver us from this valley of sorrow.
But for those who do not believe in God, Zephaniah says, At that time I will search Jerusalem with lamps, and I will punish the menwho are complacent. In other words, you cannot play hide-and-seek with God. Just ask Adam and Eve. The Lord finds every soul, both the sheep and the goats. And he will punish the self-righteous, complacent modern-day Pharisee characters of every nation. For they thought that heaven belonged to them because of their good works. But they rejected the good work that Jesus Christ did on the cross. They thought that they had riches enough to earn glory, but they will go away sorrowful like the rich, young ruler. For they reject that Christ for our sakes became poor so that we might become rich in grace and God’s mercy.
The Day of the Lord is certainly frightening, but not for us. The message is simple for us: On that Day, God is the Lord! We believe that because on that cross, Jesus Christ paid for our punishment and our guiltiness. Jesus Christ was both High Priest and sacrifice on that day of Atonement. He made the sacrifice because He is the sacrifice.
Instead of us, Jesus was punished by the men of foreign attire, Herod and Pilate and Caiaphas. At Jesus’ death, there was no leaping over thresholds, only the temple curtain torn in two and access to God made forever possible. The old religion was fulfilled and the new testament enacted in Christ’s own body and blood for the forgiveness of sins.
That day of the Lord when Jesus died on the cross extended far past the Fish Gate and way further than the Second Gate and up and down every hill on the earth. For the death and resurrection of Jesus changed the whole world then and now and forever.
And when God Himself shall search this house with lamps, He shall find us, quietly, patiently, fervently worshipping Him. He shall find His Church upon the earth here and there and throughout His creation. And we shall not be frightened, for the Lord comes back for us to take us home on the Last Day.
Encore Post: The exact date and author of the Athanasian Creed are unknown. It derives its name from the theological tradition of Saint Athanasius. It is typically dated to the late 4th or early 5th century AD. Augustine’s On the Trinity (415 AD) has very similar language to the creed. Athanasius’ lifelong battle against the heresies prevalent in the early Christian church of North Africa built a theological tradition, which heavily influenced the Western church.
“Just as we are compelled by the Christian truth to acknowledge each distinct person as God and Lord, so also are we prohibited by the catholic religion to say that there are three Gods or Lords.”
In the second section of the creed, we confess the personhood of the Trinity, each distinct from the other. This rejects Modalism, that God changes masks, appearance, or function, but is the same in person in each case. Rather, we confess that the individual persons of the Triune God possess unique attributes to the exclusion of the others.
This distinctness of a person also describes the divine economy. That is economy in the sense of interrelationship, not of money. Within the Trinity there is an economy of relationship between the persons. The Father is eternally neither made nor begotten. The Son is eternally begotten of the Father. The Holy Spirit is eternally proceeding from the Father and the Son, neither created nor begotten.
These expressions of the Christian understanding of the Trinity push against modalism by establishing a concurrence of personhood. It is impossible for the Father to put on a Son mask. He is eternally the Father, and His personhood is unique from the Son. The Son cannot put on a Holy Spirit mask because His attributes in His person are distinct from the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit cannot wear the attributes of the Father because they are unique from His own attributes. All of these attributes are eternally the attributes of the persons of God.
But, these immutable characteristics do not a hierarchy make. All persons of the Trinity are equally God. And, none is before or after another.
The Father is not the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit is not the Son. The Son is not the Father. The Holy Spirit is God. The Son is God. The Father is God, coeternal and coequal.
Dear Baptized, the Trinity in Unity and the Unity in Trinity is to be worshipped!
Encore Post: Saint Athanasius was bishop and patriarch of Alexandria, Egypt (under Roman control) from 328 to 373 AD. He attended the First Council of Nicaea in 325 AD as secretary to his predecessor, Alexander. Athanasius was ordained as bishop and patriarch after Alexander’s death. In his 48 years presiding over the region, he was exiled five times, by four different Roman emperors, for 17 years, over theological controversies in North Africa.
Each of the three sections of the creed begins with a similar language. The Nicene and Apostles’ Creeds start with “I believe…” But the Athanasian Creed takes a different approach. Rather than solely confessing together with one voice. Here, we also exhort one another, “Whoever desires to be saved must, above all, hold the catholic faith.” Then, in each section, we confess the catholic faith.
We Lutherans need not fear the word “catholic.” The term catholic does not refer to the modern Roman Catholic Church, but to the universal, invisible, orthodox, faithful church of Christ on earth. We retain the use of the term “catholic” in the Athanasian Creed in opposition to the papal church of Rome. “Catholic” simply means “universal,” and as such, we boldly confess it from our Lutheran identity.
The first section addresses the unity of our Triune God. He is uncreated, infinite, and eternal, “not three gods, but one God.” This language rejects Subordinationism, that the Son and the Spirit are less God than that Father is God. Rather, God is of one substance. Subordinationism was, in part, an overcorrection for the error of modalism. Subordinationists were seeking to clarify the distinctness of the person within the Trinity. Their over correction created a theological position that hedged upon tritheism. To protect our understanding from merging God into just one thing of only one sort, they created an understanding where God can easily be three things of three sorts. And these three loosely connected God characters have a hierarchy within their pantheon. This is an error.
The modalist error is also addressed by the second section of the Creed. This serves to remind us that the opposite of an error isn’t always a truth. Sometimes the opposite of an error can simply be an error in the opposite direction.
“But the Godhead of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit is one: the glory equal, the majesty coeternal.” The God-ness of the Trinity is whole and one. The attributes of God in His unity are shared and are one: uncreated, infinite, eternal, and almighty. But these are not a dozen attributes, four of each, unique to each person. There are four attributes that each person possesses as one. There are not three gods, but one God. There are not three lords, but one Lord. There are not three eternals, but one Eternal. We worship one God in Trinity and Trinity in Unity.
Don’t let yourself be dismayed or discouraged by these complicated understandings. They were intense struggles for the early church and remain intellectual difficulties for us today. The big takeaway from the Athanasian Creed is that we can never fully understand the Trinity. We can, with the help of the fathers of the faith before us, identify those things that are outside the proper understanding.
Dear Baptized, let us celebrate the Trinity in Unity and the Unity in Trinity!
Encore Post: On Trinity Sunday, most Christian churches confess together the Athanasian Creed. The creed was composed in keeping with his theology about the Trinity, though not by St. Athanasius himself. The creed flagrantly uses the term “catholic” in a way that can startle us sensitive snowflakes of the Lutheran tradition.
St. Athanasius? Catholic? Are we Romanists, now?
No, we are not now, nor do we desire to be a part of the Roman Catholic church. “But, Pastor, we just said the ‘catholic faith,’ like three times in the Athanasian Creed last Sunday.” Yes, yes, we did. And I have good news! At Mt. Calvary, we confess it again on several Sundays throughout the church year.
Our Sunday bulletin at Mt. Calvary included this little note concerning our catholicity. “catholic faith* — The term catholic does not refer to the modern Roman Catholic Church, but rather to the universal, invisible, orthodox, faithful church of Christ on earth. We retain the use of the term “catholic” in the Athanasian Creed in opposition to the papal church of Rome. “Catholic” simply means” universal,” and as such, we boldly confess it from our Lutheran understanding.”
There are Christians that eschew the use of creeds in the church. They’ll say things like, “No creed but Christ” and, “no book but the bible.” But, those statements are creeds of their own. We derive the English word creed from the Latin credo, which means, “I believe.” So, our friends in the “no creeds” crowd are creedingly creeding a creed against the use of creeds. (The large majority of the global Christian community are from credal faiths like ours.)
The Three ecumenical creeds are: The Apostles’ Creed, Nicene Creed, and Athanasian Creed. Creeds, as a whole, exist to speak contrary to positions held outside the faith. Each of these creeds exists solely to communicate the faith we all hold in opposition to a novel heresy against the faith. Ecumenical refers to that which pertains to the whole Christian church. The ecumenical creeds are embraced and confessed by all of Christendom.
The Athanasian creed speaks primarily against the Arian sect of the early Christian church. Arius, for whom the sect is named, struggled with the stuff of which God is. He taught against the idea that God the Father and God the Son are of the same substance.
Now, the Nicene Creed says, “… of the same substance with the Father…” After the first ecumenical council in Nicea (325 AD), the notion that there are differences in substance should have been put to bed with all the subordination it entails. But, Arianism remained a problem for the church.
The creed can be treated as two or three parts. Three parts will work adequately for this discussion. The first part deals with the unity of our Triune God. He is uncreated, infinite, and eternal, “not three gods, but one God.” This language rejects Subordinationism, that the Son and the Spirit are less God than that Father is God. Rather, God is of one substance, not “three gods or lords.”
In the second section, we confess personhood, each distinct from the other. This rejects Modalism, that God changes masks, appearance, or function, but is the same in person in each case. Rather, we confess that the individual persons of the Triune God possess unique attributes to the exclusion of the others. The Father: unbegotten, The Son: begotten, and the Holy Spirit: proceeding, are all unique in function for us Christians. There are not three of any, but one of each person within the Trinity in Unity.
The third section deals with Jesus’ incarnation. The two natures of Christ are on full display here. The Son is “equal to the Father with respect to His divinity, less than the Father with respect to His humanity.” We reject Eutychianism, that Jesus’ human and divine natures merged into a new, different nature. “He is God, begotten from the substance of the Father before all ages; and He is man, born from the substance of His mother in this age: perfect God and perfect man, composed of a rational soul and human flesh; equal to the Father with respect to His divinity, less than the Father with respect to His humanity.” We also reject Nestorianism, that the two natures of Christ are not unified in His person. “He is God and man, He is not two, but one Christ: one, however, not by the conversion of the divinity into flesh, but by the assumption of the humanity into God; one altogether, not by confusion of substance, but by unity of person.”
The third section also rejects the Gnostic notion that we will be free from matter and our bodies, specifically in the next life. On the contrary, we confess the resurrection of our bodies! “At His coming all people will rise again with their bodies.”
Dear Baptized, let us celebrate the Trinity in Unity and the Unity in Trinity! Thanks be to God!
