After his speech before the German nation at Worms, Luther remained in Worms for eight days. The Emperor gave a speech to the Diet, written by his own hand, in which he vowed like his ancestors to be a faithful son of the church. He would move against Luther and all who supported him. The estates (the noble rulers of all the German territories and representatives of the free cities) pledged to support the Emperor, but requested a chance to try one more time to change the reformers mind. The efforts were sincere, but since they did not promise Luther a hearing to be decided by Scripture a sound reason alone, it did not succeed. Yet the time was not wasted.
While the Emperor and papal ambassador Aleander drafted a edict to sanction Luther and his friends, in effect an arrest warrant and warrant to seize their property, plans were being made by the court of Electoral Saxony to carry Luther away to safety. The elector approved the plan, but did not want to be told the details of the effort. Luther and his close friends, including Amsdorf, were quietly informed of the initiative, but the details were not provided. The idea was to have Luther drop out of sight quietly as to both protect him and to avoid upsetting the Emperor. Instructions were sent ahead to the Warden of the Castle Wartburg, overlooking the city of Eisenach, where Luther attending elementary school.
Philip of Hesse issued a safe conduct through his territory to Luther and his party. Elector Frederick provided 40 Gulden to finance the trip and arranged a farewell dinner. On 26 April, Luther left Worms to travel home to Wittenberg via Hesse and his boyhood region, where he intended to visit relatives. The imperial herald accompanied them as far as Hesse, where Luther gratefully dismissed him, stating he felt safe for the balance of the trip. In fact, they were reducing the number of people who would be able to identify his “captors,” escorts from the Saxon army really.
On the 3rd of May, Luther preached in Eisenach. He left more of his friends there, taking only Amsdorf and a few others to go on to Möhra, where his relatives lived. On May 4th, on their way back from his relatives, a force “attacked” Luther’s party. Some ran away, the few attendants and driver not aware of the plan held at crossbow point. Luther was hustled out of the cart, Amsdorf making a show of cursing and protesting the treatment. Luther was forced to run alongside the horses until they were out of sight. He was then provided a horse and the party proceeded with detours to throw of possible pursuit to Wartburg Castle, where Luther was kept safe for ten months.
Dear saints, when I was growing up, the part of the summer I looked forward to the most was often the yearly church camp. These camps were fun. I had a great time. I made and strengthened friendships there. And while I look back on these camps with mostly fond memories, there is a part of them that I now would rather not have taken part in. It was normal for the final night of the camp to reach an emotional climax. A “mountaintop experience.” The singing, skits, speakers, or whatever entertainment was brought in was to make you feel spiritually uplifted. Make you never want this moment to go away.
But it always did. You left the venue that night, went back to your cabins full of emotional happiness, perhaps even joy. But the reality quickly sets in that you now need to pack. You still must try to sleep that night. You still must go home tomorrow. You tried to keep this fleeting and emotional high going, but you couldn’t. You would get home and, despite your desire to be more dedicated and more studious of your Bible, things just went back to normal.
Now, normal isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Our Gospel lesson this morning finds the disciples near the climax of their week. Indeed, near the climax of their time of following Jesus before his crucifixion. We’ve briefly discussed it in the past few weeks: the disciples have witnessed the Triumphal Entry. They’ve seen Jesus clear the Temple. Heard Him boldly preach. And now they find themselves in the Upper Room. In fact, chapters 13 through 17 of the Gospel according to St. John takes place during the time Jesus institutes his Holy Supper. This is where we are in this morning’s text. We will stay here for the rest of the Easter season.
Jesus has or is about to take the Passover meal and show the disciples exactly what it was pointing to. They are on the pinnacle of the mountain top experience. But Jesus knows what is about to happen. He knows that this joy will soon be replaced not with normal life, but with great fear and trepidation. And so, he continues to prepare them: “A little while, and you will see me no longer; and again a little while, and you will see me.”
Understandably, the disciples want this and other things said in the Upper Room explained. But they don’t ask Jesus to do it. They talk amongst themselves. And so, Jesus interjects. “Is this what you are asking yourselves, what I meant by saying, ‘A little while and you will not see me, and again a little while and you will see me’? Truly, truly, I say to you, you will weep and lament, but the world will rejoice. You will be sorrowful, but your sorrow will turn into joy.”
Jesus continues to speak and explain, but in my mind’s eye I can see and faces of the disciples drop and be covered with confusion and fear. Despite having been told multiple times that Jesus would die on the cross, this still surprises them. Despite hearing about the glory of the Son of Man coming, it never connects with them what exactly that means. Our Lord knows that he is about to be “lifted up from the earth” and “will draw all people” to himself.
And in doing so, he will also die. In a little while, Jesus will be put into a tomb. The disciples will not see him. They will weep and lament. While they do, the world will rejoice. Yet after a little while, they will see Jesus again. Then their sorrow will turn to joy. Of course, this is exactly what happens.
We have seen this through the first half of our Easter season. So far, with the disciples, we have rejoiced in Christ’s resurrection. Have heard the peace that He brings. Heard what it means for Jesus to be our Good Shepherd. The disciples have revived their mountaintop experience. Jesus is risen. He comes to be among them. But the words of Jesus in this morning’s text are still applicable. For in a little while, they will see Jesus no more. At least, not in the way they are accustomed to seeing Him.
The church is in the midst of its own mountaintop experience. Congregations that have the resources really go all out this time of year. Big choirs. Brass, percussion, wind, and stringed instruments alongside the organ. More complex hymns with beautiful descants from large and loud pipe organs. It is beautiful and glorious. Ear candy, if you will. But I’ll admit that as much as I love all of it, it starts to wear on me before it is over. Where the Easter acclimation is said many times a service, this is about the time the enthusiastic response begins to get a little softer and a little less enthusiastic.
Yes, we are still full of joy. We are still in awe of what our Lord did for us. But like that new toy you get as a child, even your favorite new toy, it doesn’t stay new for long. Subconsciously and perhaps even unwillingly, you find yourself returning to the way it was. And I suppose this shouldn’t surprise us. There are the forty days of Lent with six or seven extra services. We’re about twenty days into Easter, and in some places that comes even more extra services. And for some, the three weeks of pre-Lent preparation makes for a long season. Let’s face it: we’re kinda tired. And we’re gearing up for the second half of the church year. Waiting for the Holy Spirit to descend at Pentecost.
Yet there are still things to occur before we get there. “A little while, and you will see me no longer; and again a little while, and you will see me.” Jesus was speaking about his crucifixion. Yet he is also speaking of what comes after. He does not stay with the disciples in his exalted form. He still will return to his Father in heaven. Indeed, he must. If he does not, the promised Helper will not come!
So, we turn our attention the next few weeks to the coming Ascension of our Lord and the approaching Day of Pentecost. And as we do, we journey further from the mountain top. We see things going ‘back to normal.’ At least as normal can be these days. We also see what it means to weep and lament. For trial and tribulation will soon descend upon Christ’s church. We read about it in the book of Acts. We hear the testimony of the early Church. It continues through the Middle Ages and Reformation. Even today the church weeps, laments, and is sorrowful. And through it, the world rejoices.
Churches all over the world are attacked. They are deemed ‘unessential’ and have their services shut down by police even while they are taking place. Bills travel through government to classify our Biblical believes, given to us by the Word made flesh Himself, as bigoted and discriminatory. We continually weep at the disregard for human life and how many people, born and unborn, are cruelly killed or maimed in the name of love or equality. And we mourn for those claiming to be Christian who rejoice and celebrate these activities.
As we look around and see darkness becoming more and more powerful, we weep and have sorrow. We hurt when we see people we know and love being swept up into false doctrine and even unbelief. We lament at the actions the world takes to harm and destroy one another in the name of love and choice. The world cheers and calls Christians all sorts of vile names and attempts to dehumanize us just as they dehumanize others whom they don’t deem worthy of life or protection.
Yet every day we are closer to the day that our sorrow will turn to joy. Every day we get closer to the day when we will see Jesus face to face. So, we can look around and take heart. Yes, churches are firebombed. Yes, Christians are targeted for death. Targeted to have their livelihoods destroyed. Yet even when steeples crumble and fall around us, we can look at the smoke and ruins and declare with the prophet Jeremiah, who looks around at the destroyed city of Jerusalem and says, “The steadfast love of the Lord never ceases; his mercies never come to anend; they are new every morning; great is your faithfulness.”
Our Psalm this morning declares,“Shout for joy to God, all the earth. Sing the glory of his name; give to him glorious praise!” and, “Bless our God, O peoples; let the sound of his praise be heard, who has kept our soul among the living and has not let our feet slip.”
Even with all the horrible things going on around us, we proclaim that the Lord’s steadfast love does not cease. His mercy never comes to an end. It is because, though he is not visibly present with us in body, he is present with us even now. He has sent the Holy Ghost to dwell within us. We have sung, and will again sing, of the gifts he gives us in our baptism. About how he is present with us physically in his Holy Supper. The Supper where he gives us the Food that we need. And how He is with us even now in His Word.
With these gifts, He sustains us while we wait for Him to keep His promise that we will see Him in a little while. When a woman is giving birth, she has sorrow because her hour has come, but when she has delivered the baby, she no longer remembers the anguish, for joy that a human being has been born into the world. So also you have sorrow now, but I will see you again and your hearts will rejoice, and no one will take your joy from you.”
As a result of the Fall, a woman goes through a tremendous amount of pain and sorrow to give birth. But when she receives her newborn baby in her arms, seeing the face of her healthy, beautiful, and probably screaming baby, all the pain and struggle is forgotten. She no longer cares about all that. She doesn’t worry about the pain and the physical danger she was in. For her child is born and is with her. She rejoices despite the pain and trouble.
Likewise, no matter what trials and tribulations we go through, no matter how much we suffer, it will all be forgotten. Even what we willingly bring upon ourselves. This is a season of pure joy. And even though our Gospel is dripping with sorrow and impending separation, this will all be turned to joy. Remember that the disciples witness Jesus’ Ascension and return in joy. Joy that is also yours. Joy because, though we do not see our Lord during our pilgrimage, we know when we will see Him: At the end of our pilgrimage. At our blessed death. When all sorrow will be forgotten, and eternal joy will reign for before us will stand our Savior. In a little while, He shall be seen. Praise be to Christ. Amen.
Rev. Brent Keller Peace Lutheran Church Alcester, SD
In an earlier post, I suggested the top three bibles in my mind: English Standard Version (ESV), New King James Version (NKJV), and Orthodox Study Bible (OSB). As promised, here’s more discussion of the OSB.
I keep the OSB handy for its Old Testament (OT) translation. I do love to struggle with the Greek, but a solid English translation is invaluable. The OSB provides me a solid English translation of the Greek OT.
Now, you’ll be asking, isn’t the OT written in Hebrew and Aramaic? Yes, it is. But, the Old Testament is also available to us in an ancient translation into Greek, which predates the time of Christ by a few hundred years. The Septuagint (LXX) is that Greek translation. The LXX is useful for us in understanding the use of language between Hebrew/Aramaic and a non-native tongue to clearly communicate the word of God.
Our ESV is exclusively translated from the Hebrew/Aramaic OT and the Greek New Testament. The OSB provides us a single volume translated from the Greek OT and the Greek NT. In fact, the NT translation is the NKJV without alteration. The OT translation is a fresh translation of the LXX into English from 2008. The Orthodox churches in the US instead about accomplishing this task because the LXX is the version of the OT used in the Orthodox Church.
It seems as though St. Paul, the Apostles, the Evangelists, and Jesus quote from the LXX into the NT. So, it stands to reason that it is worthwhile for us to familiarize ourselves with some of that text also. Here are a few examples.
“‘Behold, the Virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and they shall call his name Immanuel’ (which means God with us).” Matthew 1:23 (ESV) Matthew quotes Isaiah 7:14, which reads: “Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.” Isaiah 7:14 (ESV). Or, from the LXX: “Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: behold, the Virgin shall conceive and bear a Son, and you shall call His name Immanuel.” Isaiah 7:14 (OSB)
These are quite similar in English. This is a key point for our confidence in our English translations. The Hebrew is not 100% clear in the Hebrew that a “virgin shall conceive.” But, the Hebrews who translated Isaiah into Greek used a Greek word , which makes it much more certain that “virgin” is the correct translation.
In another case, we find Matthew quoting Isaiah again. “For this is he who was spoken of by the prophet Isaiah when he said, ‘the voice of one crying in the wilderness: prepare the way of the Lord; Make his paths straight.’” Matthew 3:3 (ESV) Isaiah reads: “A voice cries: “In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord; Make straight in the desert a highway for our God.” Isaiah 5:3 (ESV) But, in the LXX, we find: “The voice of one crying in the wilderness: “Prepare the way of the Lord; Make straight the paths of our God.” Isaiah 5:3 (OSB)
The LXX in this case more closely resembles what we find in the New Testament. That should not make us question the Hebrew by any means. But rather, it should give us greater confidence that the ideas being communicated in translation are accurate.
The study notes in the OSB are a mixed bag. We differ theologically from our brothers and sisters in the Orthodox Church on a few significant points like chrismation and prayer to the saints. But, the translation is excellent.
The introduction to this version does a reasonable job of explaining some variations in chapter and verse numbers you’ll encounter. The OSB also contains the apocrypha as it is translated from the LXX, which does too. There are quite a few useful study options opened up by our possession of an OSB. Also, the collection of Christian art (icons) in the OSB is beautiful.
“So shall my word be, whatever proceeds from my mouth. It shall not return until it accomplishes whatever I will do, and I shall prosper your ways and my commandments. – Isaiah 55:11 (OSB)
Rev. Jason M. Kaspar Mt. Calvary Lutheran Church & Preschool La Grange, TX
In the past few days and weeks, I have been pondering a specific topic. I have been thinking about where society has gone and how quickly it fell. We see the symptoms of sin all around us, but still sixty years ago there was a common morality amongst the majority of people. What happened?
I believe we can go look back at when people stopped believing Scripture to be God’s Word and see that as the moment in which society began to fall apart. Now fewer and fewer people hold to the premise that the Bible is the Word of God.
In the modern era, the first questions were about the miracles that Jesus did, or the miracles presented in the Bible in general. Did Jesus really feed the 5000? How did Jesus heal leprosy? And what about Jonah? Jesus’ rose from the dead? Many of these things were said to be mythological and not in fact the truth. Rudolph Bultmann led the charge in the 1930s and 40s. This is somewhat reminiscent of Thomas Jefferson and his bible. Jefferson cut out any miracle that occurred because he was unable to rationalize it. For Bultmann and Jefferson before him they still saw the words of Jesus as somewhat authoritative and something to give moral guidance.
However, there was a problem. For as much as they desired to “find” the words of Jesus in the midst of the miracles and build those up, they were undercutting the foundation of the faith! Those who followed them not only continued to question and deny the miracles spoken of in the Bible, but now the very words of Jesus were also in question. Are they really Jesus’ words? And who really is Jesus? And why should his words matter to us when it comes to morality?
This my friends is where we find ourselves now. For the decades and many more years of doubting and denying the Bible to be God’s Word, and Jesus Christ being the Son of God in the Flesh, we now are in a time where the very ground of our common morality has receded. If people deny that their existence comes about because of creating and sustaining God, there is no authority higher than themselves by which to be governed. If that’s the case then there is no morality, except for “do what is right in your own eyes.” Hence why abortion is seen as a right to be granted at all costs, and marriage can be between two men, two women, or in some states, multiple persons. Of course, these are two of the big hot button issues, but it’s also the reason for no fault divorce too.
What is extremely saddening is that there are churches who deny Scripture as God’s Word and follow the world in this push for personal morality. When we fail to believe that the Bible is God’s Word, we will ultimately not believe a single piece of it including the very point that each person is made in the image of God and thus is deserving of dignity and love. Hence why we have so many divisions. In this sinful day and age only certain lives appear to matter because of our sinful and stubborn hearts.
What do we do? First, we all ought to repent and confess of our sins of failing to trust in the words of our Lord. Then, be forgiven by the Lord Jesus Christ who did indeed die and rise from the dead, and live in that reality and see our neighbors as those for whom Christ died and rose for as well. Let’s get back to trusting that the words and deeds of Jesus as presented in the Bible are true. Let’s get back to knowing Jesus as He confesses Himself to be: The very Son of the Father. Let us read the Bible as it is: God’s Word. The sooner we do the better it is for all lives.
Rev. Jacob Hercamp St. Peter’s Lutheran Church La Grange, MO
Alleluia! Christ is risen! He is risen indeed! Alleluia!
Grace, mercy and peace be unto you from God our Father and our Lord and Jesus Christ. Amen.
In St. Peter’s epistle, we hear about the precious, priceless gift, the inheritance of salvation. And that we are to endure through the sufferings that come our way, for by the sufferings that are placed upon us in, God tests our faith, refines and strengthens it. And Peter continues along those lines today in our reading.
The Epistle Lesson for the third Sunday of Easter in the three-year lectionary, series A, sets up in a chiastic structure hinging on the Resurrection of Jesus. Peter exhorts us first to serve the Lord with fear. This is a call to the first commandment. “You shall have no other gods. What does this mean? I should fear, love, and trust in God above all things.” This call to conduct ourselves in the fear of the Lord is good and right because we know what has taken place. We who have heard the good news of the Gospel of Jesus Christ have no excuse, as it were. We should lay hold of it and keep it precious. So, Peter rehearses the Gospel for us here again.
Notice, it is the Gospel that motivates true fear, love and trust in the blessed Trinity. It is the Gospel which motivates us and to actually do good works in love for our neighbors. Sure, the Law can scare us into submission and order, but it is only through the Gospel which we desire and willingly do what the Law of God commands. By the Gospel we see the Law as God’s will for his creatures. This is what is called the 3rd use of the Law. In this use, the Law is seen as a guide for the way we are to live. And how does the Law become something that which we desire to do? Peter tells us, by knowing the Gospel. But not just knowing it but knowing it as it is preached. Knowing that the Gospel of Jesus is for you and then living in the truth of the Gospel.
You were born of perishable seed, says Peter a little later in the reading. Perishable means you have an expiration date. Because of the fall of Adam and Eve, our parents, we have been exposed to sin and death. We are now inclined to sin and do things which are against the will of the Lord. We are inclined to chase after other gods, and set them up as our idols. We are inclined to forget our neighbor and only care about ourselves. And we will die because the wages of sin is death. All flesh is like grass and all its glory like the flower of grass. The grass withers and the flower falls. Human futility abounds. We are unable to stop sicknesses from ravaging our bodies. Oh we might think we have found a cure for one thing or another, and by God’s grace perhaps we have in some cases, but then something else comes. Crops fail. By the sweat of our brow we will eat our bread. Nothing comes easily, but we will toil in the earth to carve out our lives. We act violently against one another via words and actions. And at some point we too will wither and fade away, expire.
But Let us remember what Peter says, “you were ransomed by the blood of Jesus!” You know the full story for you have heard the Gospel preached to you. Do not forget it, for the Gospel preached for you is life giving. You were ransomed away from these futile ways! You have been brought of the ways of death and into the ways of life. You are set free! And this is again the gift which is far more precious than gold or silver. For if gold or silver could have been used to make our problem of sinfulness go away, what good would Jesus coming in the flesh be? But your salvation cost much more, and required an imperishable payment: the very physical body and blood of Jesus Christ, God in the flesh on the cross. Given as a ransom for you. What love the Lord has for us. Hear the words from a favorite hymn of mine 544. Oh love how deep, how broad how high, beyond all thought and fantasy, that God the Son of God should take our mortal form for mortal’s sake.
And at Easter Christ was raised from the dead. “True God He first from death has burst! (LSB 483, stanza 2)” Alleluia! Christ is risen! He is risen indeed! Alleluia! And his death is death’s undoing. Jesus’ death not like a grass withering and fading away. Instead it was the brilliant plan of salvation. Isaiah 53 says that the suffering servant Christ, who is our ransom, grew up like a young plant. He appeared weak in the eyes of the world and Satan yet it was by his death at the cross that death’s grips on all humanity came to an end. Since Christ was sinless, death had no claim on him, and likewise death has no claim on you who have been brought into the body of Christ Jesus through the waters of holy baptism. “And yours shall be like victory over death and grave.”
So you are set free, ransomed from the futile ways, ransomed from sin and death by the Lord Jesus Christ who came in flesh and blood to die and redeem you. And this gospel is what is preached to you. This Gospel is for you. That you live now a life of faith and hope in the holy Trinity, who has worked your salvation, loving God and neighbor.
No longer are you mere perishable seed, but have been born again by the living and abiding word of God that comes to you in the Sacrament of Holy Baptism. Oh sure our flesh is still broken and futile and will ultimately fail us and succumb to death in this life. But by the preaching of the Gospel of Jesus Christ you have the imperishable seed planted within you. You are given the imperishable life won for you by Christ. And this life begins in the water and the word being poured over you, when you were made a temple of the holy Spirit, who took up residence within you and gave you new life. A new life that is obedient to the exhortation that Peter spoke at the beginning of our reading. By the Spirit, we actually desire and want to obey the commandments of God. We then do fear, love, and trust in God above all things and love our brothers and sisters as ourselves all because of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, who ransomed us from death and gave us life that is imperishable just as he is imperishable.
What comfort then that Christ Jesus through Peter gives to us this day! Christ’s blood sets us free from sin and death, and Christ’s resurrection and everlasting life is made ours by the preaching of this Gospel to us that we might live according to the Gospel of Christ now and always, trusting in God, who raised Christ from the dead, that we too will be raised to life everlasting and that we can even live this way now for the sake of our neighbors.
Alleluia! Christ is Risen! Alleluia!
Rev. Jacob Hercamp St. Peter’s Lutheran Church La Grange, MO
On April 18th, 1521, the imperial herald escorted Martin Luther to a larger chamber in the archbishop’s residence. There the Diet gathered to hear him. The group was larger — many people not a part of the assembly had joined them to hear the reformer. He had to wait until six o’clock, since other business had occupied the attention of the estates. Due to the lateness of the hour, torches were lit to light the chamber.
Johann von der Ecken, the Emperor’s spokesman, repeated the questions from the day before. Unlike his first appearance, Luther spoke loudly and confidently, first in German and then in Latin. His language was appropriately humble and restrained, yet firm and in command of his answer. He had prepared well.
He began by apologizing for his lack of courtly manners, noting he was unaccustomed of being before so worthy an audience. His motive for teaching and writing was to honor God and instruct the faithful. He acknowledge that, unless the contents of the books on the table had been altered in some way, that the writings there were his.
In reply to whether he would confess or retract any of them, he divided the works into three types. The first group were so innocent and useful that even his opponents praised them. It would not do to retract them. The second group of works address the abuses and evil done and taught in the church that even the German nation complained about. To retract those works would be to let those evils continue. He could not do that. The third group were those that attacked personally those defending these errors. He admitted that his language was over the top and not fitting for his office and vocation. To retract these would be to condone their views, which he could not do.
Answering Von der Ecken’s admonition that he give heed to the peace of the church, he believed it necessary to bring conflict for the sake of the Gospel, that Jesus had come not for peace but the sword. One must fear God. He did not intend, nor needed to instruct the authorities of the German nation, but he did not want to fail his nation. He begged them not to be poisoned by the words of his opponents. If he was in error, he invited them to correct him from the word of God and solid reason. If they did so, he would throw his own books on the fire. Elector Frederick was especially pleased with the latin version of this reply.
The Emperor’s spokesman then said it was not the books themselves that concerned him. If Luther would retract his heretical statements and theology, the Emperor would intercede with the Pope and the good need not be destroyed with the evil. If he did not, then they would all be destroyed. Von der Ecken dismissed the appeal to Scriptures as the attempt of all heretics to be the final judge over doctrine. He then asked Luther for a simple answer without horns or teeth.
Luther’s answer has gone down through five hundred years as a classic statement of confession and bravery:
Unless I am convinced by the testimony of the Scriptures or by clear reason (for I do not trust either in the pope or in councils alone, since it is well known that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. Amen
Martin Luther (from Martin Brecht, Martin Luther, 1:160.
The words, “Here I stand, I can do no other” were likely not said by Luther. They do not appear in accounts from that time, but in later editions of the reports.
After exchanging a few words, Luther was escorted out by two imperial officials. When the crowd asked if he had been arrested, the answer was no. Back in his room, Luther was elated at his performance. Elector Frederick commented to Spalatin: “Father Martinus spoke well before the Lord Emperor, all the princes, and the estates. But be is much too bold for me.”
For several weeks, an imperial commission met with Luther to see if some sort of settlement could be reached while the Diet struggled to decide what action to take.
In early afternoon on April 17th, the imperial marshall and the imperial herald led Martin Luther through a roundabout route from his lodging to the back entrance of the bishop’s residence, where the rulers and representatives of all the German territories, free cities and lands ruled by bishops and monasteries. Crowds filled all the streets and they wanted to avoid any incidents along the way.
As they entered the chamber where the Diet met, Luther looked around to see all the majesty of the gathered powers of his people. He had never been in the presence of secular power before, having been raised in a common household and joined a monastic community. He did not realize not to focus on the emperor was a breach of custom. On a table in the center of the room were piled many of his books. The imperial marshall warned him not to speak unless spoken to.
The Emperor had chosen an aide of the archbishop of Trier, Johann von der Ecken, to speak for the court. He addressed Luther in German and Latin. The emperor had summoned Luther to determine if he would acknowledge that the books printed under his name were his and if he would stand by his books or retract anything in them. This was at odds with the summons itself, so Luther was unprepared for the question. Luther’s lawyer, a judge in the service of Elector Frederick, asked that all the titles be read aloud. This was done. Not all of Luther’s works were there, but the collection was fairly up-to-date.
Luther spoke in a subdued, soft voice. He acknowledged the books were his. Since his answer was of grave importance to be faithful to God’s word and to preserve his soul, he requested time from the emperor to careful ponder his answer. This caught the court (or most of it) completely by surprise. Some thought the seriousness of his situation moved him to give pause to his resistance. Others suspected the move was a tactic designed by Elector Frederick. After the Emperor and the princes conferred, Von Der Ecken lectured Luther to put the unity of the Church and the peace of the state before his own opinions. He should have known, von der Ecken insisted what he would be asked to do. The Emperor in his leniency would nevertheless grant him a day to think. He was summoned to return the next day. The herald ushered Luther back to his quarters. There Luther was visited by many nobles, all of whom assured him the emperor would honor the safe conduct. To do otherwise would spark a revolt. To all visitors, Luther appeared in very good spirits.
Aleander, Pope Leo X‘s ambassador to the Diet of Worms was worried. Reports of the crowds cheering Luther on had reached him. He knew the imperial herald and many of the princes, lords and territories were very critical of the Papacy and its supporters. They favored Luther and many of his reforms. He suspected that many in the the Imperial court were also sympathetic to the Wittenberg monk. The Imperial Confessor, Jean Glapion, made a secret offer to meet Luther outside of Worms to come to some kind of settlement. He had the support of several nobles and the future reformer, Martin Bucer. Spalatin did not trust the Franciscan and Luther suspected a trick to invalidate his safe conduct. So Luther declined the offer.
Aleander tried to discourage Luther’s friends from entering the city, claiming they would fall under his excommunication. He tried to get the Imperial Court to have Luther enter the city quietly and stay at the Emperor’s lodging, so that he could be kept away from others. He worried that the court would try to strike a compromise with Luther. He was not successful.
Five Hundred years ago, on April 16th, Luther entered Worms from Mainz. A trumpet fanfare sounded from the cathedral announcing his arrival. The imperial herald led the way, followed by the Wittenberg wagon. Justus Jonas followed on a horse obtained by Saxon nobles for him. Two thousand people are said to have been lining the route. Luther and his party stayed in the same lodging as two of Elector Frederick’s counselors and the imperial marshall, near to the place where the Elector himself was staying. Beginning on the 17th, a steady stream of princes, nobles and lord of all ranks visited with him. One of these was Philip von Hesse, who would later become a Lutheran. Later that morning, the imperial marshall brought Luther a summons to appear before the Diet at 4 O’Clock.
In all seriousness, the answer is simple. But, the rationale is more complex. At the time of the Reformation, the practice concerning confession (penance) had become onerous upon the people. The problem was that the Papists demanded every sin be recalled accurately and confessed in order to be forgiven. Furthermore, penance needed also to be rightly performed in order for absolution to stick. This is impossible for human beings and makes forgiveness dependent on our work instead of the work of Jesus.
In the Augsburg Confession (1530 AD), Lutherans say: “Our churches teach that private Absolution should be retained in the churches, although listing all sins is not necessary for confession. For according to the Psalm, it is impossible. ‘Who can discern his errors?’ (Psalm 19:12)” [Augsburg Confession 11]
There’s a curious shift in language here. The author, Philip Melanchthon, Martin Luther’s close friend and fellow reformation teacher, speaks here of the practice as “Absolution.” the shift in language in this discussion identifies our unique Lutheran perspective. For us the point is hearing Jesus words of forgiveness to us from our pastor. This is very different than the Romanist practice of enumerating sins, hearing conditional forgiveness, and performing penance in the hopes of receiving what has been promised.
The papists continued to push back against the Lutheran reformers in many of the articles of the Augsburg Confession. This sparked a response from Melanchthon in the form of the Apology to the Augsburg Confession.
Concerning confession, the Apology to the Augsburg Confession (1531 AD) says, “It is well known that we have made clear and praised the benefit of Absolution and the Power of the Keys. Many troubled consciences have derived comfort from our teaching. They have been comforted after they have heard that it is God’s command, no, rather the very voice of the Gospel, that we should believe the Absolution and regarded as certain that the forgiveness of sins is freely granted to us for Christ’s sake. … Previously, the entire power of absolution had been kept under wraps by teaching about works. For the learned persons and monks taught nothing about faith and free forgiveness.” [Apology 11]
There are two important notes for us to observe here. The first is that our understanding is that Absolution is to serve in calming and comforting the troubled consciences of sinners who confess. As we say in the Small Catechism, “…but before the pastor we should confess only those sins which we know and feel in our hearts.” Private Confession and the Absolution delivered therein is for Christians to have confidence that the forgiveness of sins promised to us in the Gospel is indeed delivered directly to us. We all struggle in understanding and believing that even our sin can be forgiven. That’s exactly why we Lutherans retain and uphold the practice of private absolution.
The second point Melanchthon makes cuts back again to the practice of penance as the central part of confession in the Romanist understanding. The learned persons and monks continued in teaching directly and indirectly that our work of confession was somehow involved in receiving the forgiveness. Moreover, that our work of penance played a part in earning this same forgiveness. That’s wrong. We have rejected that teaching for 500 years and continue to do so today. Forgiveness from God is free.
The confidence we receive from hearing that forgiveness privately from our pastor for those specific grievous sins that trouble our hearts most is the very Word of the Gospel in our ears. God does not expect us to find confidence within ourselves in our struggle and tribulation. He gives us the very words of his forgiveness in which we may hear and trust as often as we have need.
Dear Christians, Let us live joyfully from the words of forgiveness!
Rev. Jason M. Kaspar Mt. Calvary Lutheran Church & Preschool La Grange, TX
That’s kind of a tough question. Different translations have different attributes, which make them good. The one thing leading to different translations is the simple fact that translation is absolutely necessary.
The Bible comes to us in a few languages. The Old Testament is primarily written in Hebrew with some Aramaic near the end. The New Testament is written in Greek. There are also two ancient translations that can help us understand God’s Word in its time frame. The Septuagint (LXX) is an ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament from around 325 BC. And the Vulgate is a Latin translation of the Old and New Testaments from 405 AD.
The LXX can help us by way of its translation methodology. The pre-Christian Jewish scribes who translated the LXX made conceptual decisions from their understanding of their native tongue into the Greek. That reveals understandings that may have otherwise been lost through the loss of a Hebrew culture. It’s also worth noting that all of the Old Testament quotations by Jesus, the Apostles, including St. Paul, and the Evangelists appear to come from LXX.
The Vulgate was written very close to the close of the canon. The Bible as we received it is called the canon of scripture. At the council of Nicaea in 325 AD, we determined which books were to be included and excluded from the Bible.
The Vulgate gives us a view of translation from a native Greek speaker. St. Jerome finished translating within 80 years of the first time many Christians had seen all of the books of the New Testament together. In a 2000 year old church, that’s a significantly narrow window for understanding. That’s akin to hearing firsthand about the struggles of the great depression from one of those surviving folks, who were alive to see it.
In the LCMS, we are currently using the English Standard Bible (ESV) as our altar Bible. We have used other translations including: the New International Version (NIV), the Revised Standard Version (RSV), and King James Version (KJV). These are all good translations in their own way.
I will frequently use those and other translations in my studies and preaching. I will also stumble through some of my own translation. The process of struggling with the source languages helps us to understand conceptually rather than only in a word-by-word sense.
Sometimes you will hear Christians say things like, “our Bible is a translation of a translation of a translation of a translation going back for centuries.” And then, there will be some claim place upon that statement. None of the claims are valid, because the basis is untrue. We have the Bible in its original languages. Our English translations come from the original source, Our English Bibles have only been translated once.
That’s true of most Bibles available throughout the world. Lutheran Bible Translators (LBT) and other organizations have spent over a century translating the same Bible from its Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek sources into the languages with which they’ve come in contact.
So, let’s compare a few translations concerning just one passage of the Bible. Ephesians 2:8-10 in our altar bible (ESV) reads, “For by grace you have been saved through faith. And this is not your own doing; it is the gift of God, not a result of works, so that no one may boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them.”
This passage is central to our Lutheran understanding of how grace and faith work. In the life of a Christian, grace and faith are given to us by God. They are not works we do. Nor can they be earned in any way.
Now, how else have we heard this text? The older English of the King James Version (KJV) reads, “For by grace are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves: it is the gift of God: Not of works, lest any man should boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them.”
In the KJV, the works we do sound as if they are ordered by God in our modern ears. In the ESV, the works are prepared for us by God. The ESV is more faithful to the Greek in this case. It gets at the sense of who’s doing the doing here. And, it’s not us.
Compare those with the RSV, NIV, and New King James Version (NKJV)
RSV: “For by grace you have been saved through faith; and this is not your own doing, it is the gift of God— not because of works, lest any man should boast. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand, that we should walk in them.”
NIV: “For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God— not by works, so that no one can boast. For we are God’s handiwork, created in Christ Jesus to do good works, which God prepared in advance for us to do.”
NKJV: “For by grace you have been saved through faith, and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God, not of works, lest anyone should boast. For we are His workmanship, created in Christ Jesus for good works, which God prepared beforehand that we should walk in them.”
You’ll notice they are all very similar. In particular, the NKJV has moved in the same direction as the ESV regarding that verb concerning our works. They are “prepared” rather than “ordained.”
Now there are some Bibles called translations that are not. The New Living Translation (NLT), The Message and The Voice are not translations. They are paraphrases — a restatement of the Bible from English into English is a paraphrase. Calling those a translation implies that we can translate from English into English. Since, there is no consultation with the source text. These Bibles are nothing more than a what-this-says-to-me scribbling by the authors.
You’ll notice The Message sounds very little like those texts above: “Ephesians 2 7-10 “Now God has us where he wants us, with all the time in this world and the next to shower grace and kindness upon us in Christ Jesus. Saving is all his idea, and all his work. All we do is trust him enough to let him do it. It’s God’s gift from start to finish! We don’t play the major role. If we did, we’d probably go around bragging that we’d done the whole thing! No, we neither make nor save ourselves. God does both the making and saving. He creates each of us by Christ Jesus to join him in the work he does, the good work he has gotten ready for us to do, work we had better be doing.”
These paraphrases aren’t useless for Christians. But, they also aren’t the Bible in any sense. A best, they are like a study guide. The study guides are written by non-Lutherans and will contain different interpretations than we might use.
I would suggest the following translations on your shelf at home. If you can only get one, start with the first. Then add them in sequence from there. In your studies, start from the top and work through the others. These are they: ESV, NKJV, OSB (Orthodox Study Bible – we’ll discuss the attributes of that one another time), KJV, RSV, NIV, and then others. Please avoid paraphrases in general. Most of us spend so little time in God’s Word. An interpretive reading isn’t as good as a plain, clear translation.
Rev. Jason M. Kaspar Mt. Calvary Lutheran Church & Preschool La Grange, TX
